In order to understand the basic law of temperature field, water field, and the coupling effects of airport pavement structure, and to provide theoretical basis and measure suggestions for the prevention and control of uneven frost heave damage of airport pavement structures in seasonal frozen regions, we designed a test box and conducted the test of external water infiltration and a model test of uneven frost heave of an airport pavement structure. The reliability and applicability of the model were verified by the results of on-site frost heave monitoring. Results showed that the model test intuitively simulated the phenomenon of faulting of slab ends between runway and shoulder with the reasons and mechanism clarified. It objectively revealed the law of temperature field, water field, and the coupling effects of airport pavement structure. The external water infiltration exhibited a great impact on water field redistribution. Uneven frost heave of airport pavement structure is the result of the coupling of temperature field and water field inside the airport pavement structure. The cooling rate and temperature gradient impact the moisture migration and accumulation, and in turn, the water field redistribution affects the delivery of temperature. The research method of combining the physical model test and the on-site monitoring test not only provides a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of the uneven frost heave of the buildings in the frozen area, but also enriches ways of exploring the law of hydro-thermal coupling.