To study the structure of asphalt concrete and enrich the characterization of asphalt concrete structure parameters, common volume parameters were summarized to analyze the composition and structural characteristics ofz asphalt concrete. Then, new volume parameters were constructed from different angles, and the parameters were classified and analyzed. Finally, within the scope of the AC-16 grading, five different gradations were obtained by changing the proportion of fine aggregate. Meanwhile, three different dosages of asphalt: 4.2%, 4.7%, and 5.2% (the percentage of asphalt by mass in asphalt mixture) were set to investigate the influence of asphalt content on parameters. Standard Marshall specimens were made according to the existing asphalt mixture production test code requirements, and the volume index was determined. The constructed parameters were obtained by calculation, and the variation of the parameters with gradation and asphalt content was analyzed. Results show that the volume parameters changed obviously with the gradation of asphalt mixture and the change of asphalt content. The asphalt parameters VA, VM, and d_b had obvious linear relationship with the amount of asphalt in the mixture, and VM was related to V_f. The void parameters VMA, V_K, and VV decreased first and then increased with the increase of V_f. When only changed the asphalt content, parameters VMA, V_K, and VV decreased with the increase of the asphalt content. The aggregate parameters G, V_c, V_f, Vf /(1-c), F_BV, F₁, F₂, and V_c/fwere related to the proportion of coarse and fine aggregate and mineral powder in the mixture.