The morbidity of childhood asthma and allergic diseases has increased significantly in recent years. The indoor air quality of their dwellings and classrooms is closely related to asthma and respiratory diseases, so it is urgent to detect and analyze indoor pollutant concentration levels. Aiming to determine the concentrations of primary indoor pollutants associated with childhood asthma and allergic diseases in severe cold regions and investigate the correlation between different pollutants, the questionnaire survey about the health condition and living environment of the children about 10 years old living in Harbin was carried out, and case groups and control groups were selected for field test and comparative analysis. Results of questionnaire survey show that indoor humidity, condensation, mold, visible flow, decoration, and inhabitant smoking were closely related to childhood asthma and allergic diseases. We selected ten houses (six case groups and four control groups) and two classrooms to monitor temperature, humidity, and particulate mass concentration, collected total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), and calculated the colony counts of airborne, settled, and adherent fungi. The difference between measured parameters of case groups and control groups was analyzed, and the correlation between different parameters at sampling sites was discussed. Results show that high temperature and dryness environment might lead to childhood asthma and respiratory illnesses. The difference of PM_2.5 mass concentration between case groups and control groups was not significant (P=0.157). Children with respiratory allergic diseases were associated with SVOCs concentration in dust. There was a significant correlation between airborne fungi in living room and those in children’s bedroom (r=0.943, P=0.005), and the result was the same for adherent fungi (r=0.943, P=0.005).