To study the development status of air-based boost phase interception and the key challenges faced by interception and guidance, the guidance technology of air-based anti-boost phase missiles was analyzed and summarized. Air-based anti-boost phase missiles are launched by carrier aircrafts and intercept missiles in boost phase, which is an important part of the ballistic missile defense system. First, the development status of air-based missile system and guidance methods for boost phase interception was reviewed. The combat process of typical schemes, the structure and performance of typical missiles were introduced, and the research progress of guidance technology at home and abroad was summarized. Next, the challenges faced by the boost phase interception guidance of air-based missiles were analyzed, which are reflected in the limited interceptor capability, short available time, strong target maneuverability, complex interception conditions, and high uncertainty. Then, the key technologies that need to be solved for the air-based interception guidance in boost phase were put forward, including power system configuration, rapid calculation of firing data, online correction of guidance commands, hangover plan between midcourse guidance and terminal guidance, and high-precision guidance law for intercepting maneuvering targets. Finally, the development direction of guidance technology was summarized as online guidance, high-precision multi-mode compound guidance, and intelligent and coordinated guidance. Existing research results show that the boost phase interception guidance technology of air-based missiles is not yet mature. There are still some key technical issues that need to be studied and resolved. Theories such as autonomous planning and artificial intelligence can provide references for breakthroughs in key technologies.