To further improve the polishing efficiency and quality of force rheological polishing, this paper proposes a vibration-assisted force rheological polishing (VFRP) method. The material removal process and the influence of different process parameters on polishing characteristics during the VFRP of stainless steel were studied. On the basis of the principle and tests of VFRP, the material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness were used as evaluation conditions to analyze the effects of three key parameters (polishing speed, vibration frequency, and amplitude) on the polishing characteristics of stainless steel. The test was designed based on the Taguchi method. The signal-to-noise ratio was used to evaluate the test results, and the optimized process parameters were obtained. The weight of each factor was obtained by variance analysis method. Results show that the polishing speed had the greatest influence on MRR, followed by amplitude and vibration frequency. The polishing speed had the greatest impact on surface roughness, followed by vibration frequency and amplitude. Under the optimized combination of polishing parameters (polishing speed 40 r·min^-1, amplitude 0.35 mm, and vibration frequency 80 Hz), the surface roughness decreased from (80±10) nm to (7.1±0.9) nm and MRR reached 68 nm·min^-1 after processing for 30 min. There was a relative phase difference between the particles in the vibrating polishing fluid and a certain shear rate was formed, which caused the rheological effect of the polishing fluid and the free abrasives were held. The material could be removed in a plastic way by applying pressure and shear force on the workpiece surface under the action of relative motion. The scratches on the stainless steel surface could be effectively removed and the surface quality could be improved under the optimized process parameters.