The construction of urban seismic resilience has become an important topic of international concern. As one of the most critical infrastructure systems in cities, the road traffic systems have suffered severe damage and even lost their functionality in previous major earthquakes, which greatly hindered the post-earthquake emergency rescue and recovery work, resulting in huge indirect losses and profound social impacts. Therefore, it is of great theoretical significance and practical value for building resilient cities and sustainable development of human civilization to evaluate the seismic resilience of road traffic system under potential earthquake threat and provide scientific and reasonable improvement suggestions. In this paper, the development history of urban resilience is introduced firstly, and the definition and connotation of seismic resilience are expounded, taking road traffic system as the main object. Then, the main methods and achievements of the existing research are systematically summarized in the fields of post-earthquake functionality assessment method, seismic resilience indicator, post-earthquake recovery strategy and pre-earthquake retrofit strategy of road traffic system, and the limitations of current researches are pointed. Finally, the future research trend is discussed.