In order to further study the bonding performance of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) bar and concrete at polar low temperatures, a numerical model considering the CFRP bar surface characteristics was proposed utilizing ABAQUS. A total of 64 conditions were simulated in this study, to analyze the effect of CFRP bar diameter, rib height, rib width and concrete cover thickness on bonding on the bonding performance under low temperature conditions. The results showed that the numerical model considering the surface characteristics of CFRP bar can effectively reflect the stress transfer between CFRP bar and concrete, reflecting the damage and bonding failure mechanisms between CFRP bar and concrete at low temperatures. Low temperature significantly enhances the bonding strength between CFRP bar and concrete. At low temperatures, as the diameter of CFRP bar increases, the bonding strength between CFRP bar and concrete decreases, weakening the enhanced effect of low temperature on bonding strength. With an increase in rib height of CFRP bar, the low temperature bonding strength initially increases and then decreases, reaching the maximum value when the rib height is 8% of the reinforcement diameter. The variation in rib width of CFRP reinforcement mainly affects the shape of the bonding slip curve. Compared to specimens at room temperature, specimens at low temperature exhibit a thicker concrete cover when pull-out failure occurs.