Resilience, as a new concept in disaster risk management, has become a research hotspot in the field of disaster prevention and mitigation. Considering the significant role of the healthcare system in urban operations and post-disaster rescue, regional medical systems should possess sufficient resilience and provide continuous medical services during and after earthquakes. How to comprehensively consider the safety of multiple hospitals and transportation systems within a region, their emergency response capabilities, integration, and collaboration of multiple systems, effectively assess the seismic resilience level of post-earthquake regional medical systems, and propose scientific improvement suggestions, hold important theoretical significance for the construction of resilient urban and rural areas. This paper, through reviewing domestic and international literature, elucidates the concept and connotation of regional medical system resilience, summarizes the key points of resilience assessment in the two phases of short-term emergency and long-term restoration after earthquakes, and generalizes the existing assessment framework for regional medical system resilience. It elaborates on existing assessment methods from four aspects: hospital cluster system, medical-oriented transportation system, emergency medical service system, and interdependent transportation-healthcare system. The research on regional medical system resilience aims to enhance its resistance, short-term adaptability, and long-term recovery when facing disasters. These studies are of great significance for meeting both emergency and daily medical needs and guiding post-disaster recovery. While some progress has been made in the research on seismic resilience of regional medical systems, there are still some challenges. The paper concludes with an outlook on potential directions for future research.