In order to study the variation in bonding performance of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) sheet bonded shale bricks under freeze-thaw and high-temperature conditions, the material properties of shale bricks, CFRP sheet, and epoxy resin adhesive were tested under individual freeze-thaw environments, high-temperature (60 ℃) environments, freeze-thaw and high-temperature cycling environments. The single shear experiment was also conducted to explore the effect of bonding performance of CFRP sheet bonded shale bricks under different conditions. The test results show that the material properties of shale bricks, CFRP sheet, and epoxy resin are significantly affected by the cycles of freeze-thaw and high-temperature conditions. After three major cycles, the compressive strength of shale bricks decreased by 31.62%, the tensile strength and elastic modulus of CFRP sheet decreased by 44.38% and 42.28%, respectively. The tensile strength and elastic modulus of epoxy resin decreased by 32.45% and 35.36%, respectively. The freeze-thaw and high-temperature cycling effects have the most significant effect on the single shear performance of CFRP sheet bonded shale bricks, followed by the effect of freeze-thaw, and the effect of high-temperature being the least. The proposed calculation formula can accurately calculate the single shear bearing capacity of CFRP sheet bonded shale bricks under different environments.