To study the effects of aadA transplastomic tobacco (TA) on soil microbial communities, the quantity of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi was investigated at seedling stage, flowering stage, and senescing stage by plate cultivation of microorganism, and the functional diversity of rhizosphere microorganisms was detected by Biolog Ecoplate method. The results showed that there was no significant difference on the populations of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi between aadA transplastomic tobacco and nontransgenic tobacco at same growing stage. The Biolog analysis indicated that the metabolism of rhizosphere microbial community were similar, aadA transplastomic tobacco didn’t affect the microbial community. In summary, aadA transplastomic tobacco had no significant effects on quantity and functional diversity of rhizosphere microorganisms in soil during one year growth.