To make sure of surge protection scheme of water supply pipeline with long distance and huge terrain variation, this paper builts up a surge protection model and obtains the solution of the model by method of characteristics. Surge tank, one way surge tank and vacuum breaker were used as negative pressure protection equipment, then the optimal surge protection scheme was determined based on the simulated result of surge protection effects under the condition of pump trip. The results showed that when the air valve and vacuum breaker valve were installed together on the peak of the pipeline, the effect of surge protection is the best.