To compare the pros and cons of reinforced concrete block masonry shear wall structure(R.M. system) with reinforced concrete short-limb shear wall structure(R.C. system) in the area of carbon emissions, both structural systems were used for the structure design of a 17-storey residential building, and the detailed analysis of the structure performance, project cost and carbon emissions in the process of material production, transportation and construction was carried out. The results show that using the R.M. system for the construction of Multi-storey residential buildings can gain similar structure performance to the R.C. system, and at the same time reducing the project cost by 10.9％, reducing the emissions of Carbon Dioxide by 47.76 kg／m²(10.0％). Comparing with the R.C. system, the R.M. system has the advantage of less carbon emissions and energy consumption for the construction of high-rise residential building, and it’s a kind of green building system with the property of ‘resource-saving, environment-friendly’.