In order to explore the mechanical response of asphalt pavement under the vehicle load, researches on the mechanical simulation method and the characteristics of internal mechanical response of asphalt pavement were conducted based on the full-scale accelerated test of asphalt pavement in Liaoning, China. Fiber bragg grating sensors were utilized to measure the mechanical response of the surface course bottom, the base course bottom and the top surface of the subgrade respectively. Viscoelastic parameters of asphalt mixtures were obtained through uniaxial compression dynamic modulus testing. Elasticity moduli of the base and subgrade were back-calculated through the FWD deflection basin. The distribution of the contact surface between the tires and the pavement surface was also measured. The sensors were calibrated through uniaxial compression dynamic modulus and four-point bending dynamic modulus testing. Based on the measured input data, a mechanical simulation model of the pavement structure was developed with the finite element software, ABAQUS, in order to analyze the mechanical response of pavement structure under different loading positions and speeds, then a subsequent comparison was made between the measured and calculated mechanical response data. The results indicate that the developed model can reasonably simulate the three-dimensional responses of the asphalt layer, the longitudinal and lateral response of the bottom of semi-rigid base, as well as the compressive stress on the subgrade surface. The viscoelastic property of the asphalt mixture induces the elastic aftereffect which leads to the asymmetry of the mechanical response curve. Amplitudes of the asphalt layer three-dimensional responses, horizontal responses of the bottom layer of the semi-rigid base and compressive stresses of the subgrade surface are all raised with the increase of temperature and the decrease of loading speed.