In order to improve indoor thermal comfort and reduce the energy consumed for heating in rural residential buildings in severe cold regions of northeast China,the paper analyzed the influencing factors using field survey and software simulation and established the heating energy consumption prediction model. The paper studied the influence factors of shape coefficient,window to wall ratio,heat transfer coefficient of building envelope,orientation,absorption coefficient,thermal inertia,attached sunspace,snow cover with the help of BES-01 temperature recorder and DeST-h software. The results showed that the shape coefficient,windows to wall area ratio and heat transfer coefficient were positively correlated with heating energy consumption,the best orientation is south and southeast,absorption coefficient was negatively correlated with heating energy consumption,attached sunspace can effectively improve indoor thermal environment,and snow cover can play a role in roof insulation. The prediction model can provide design basis for rural energy-saving residential buildings. The paper can guide and improve energy efficiency design level of rural residential buildings in severe cold regions of northeast China.