The use of inorganic adhesive to bond aluminum alloy (AA) plate for strengthening reinforced concrete structure provides an effective solution to meet the requirement of corrosive environmental resistance and high ambient temperature, where the problem of interfacial bond of AA plate, adhesive, and concrete surface is essential to be solved. Taking adhering length as dominate parameter, the dual shear test of concrete-AA plate was conducted using three inorganic adhesives including sulfur aluminate cement, magnesium phosphate cement, and alkali activated slag for adhering two 3 mm-thick AA plate on prismatic concrete samples. Three typical failure modes (AA plate debonding, adhesive failure, and interfacial bonding failure) were observed for different bonding lengths and adhesives. It was found that under the same condition the maximum values of bonding strength between adhesive and AA plate were mainly provided by magnesium phosphate cement, followed by sulfur aluminate cement, and the last was alkali activated slag. The effective bonding length was analyzed on the basis of the data of interfacial bonding force and slip. A model of the relationship between bond strength and slip for three inorganic adhesives was proposed. This study provides reference for optimizing the inorganic adhesives applied to the flexural members strengthened by bonding AA plate.