To study the transfer characteristics of vehicle load on ballastless track, a vehicle-double-block ballastless track coupling dynamic model was established. The transfer law of dynamic stress and vibration acceleration of vehicle load in the ballastless track was investigated, and the influencing factors were analyzed, such as driving speed, structural size, and interlayer contact state. Results show that the main load-bearing area of the vehicle load was distributed in the bed slab, and the peak value of vertical dynamic stress was attenuated by 73% within the depth of 0.1 m. The main vibration area of the vehicle load was mainly distributed in the bed slab and transmitted to the supporting layer, and the peak value of vertical acceleration was attenuated by 89% within the depth of 0.1 m. The dynamic force and vibration response of the track structure both increased with increasing driving speed. When the width of the track structure was appropriately reduced, the force and vibration characteristics were less affected. By inserting the isolation layer between the structural layers, the dynamic response of the wheel-rail and the dynamic force of the track structure were reduced, but the vertical acceleration between the structural layers was obviously increased. Inserting the elastic layer could reduce the vertical acceleration of the rail, but the dynamic response of the wheel-rail and the stress and vibration characteristics of the bed slab and supporting layer were less affected. The results can provide theoretical reference for the design and optimization of ballastless track.