To intuitively investigate the self-healing performance of asphalt, binder bond strength (BBS) test was conducted to study the influence of temperature, moisture, aging, and SBS modifier on the self-healing performance of asphalt. The healing process of asphalt under different healing conditions was observed by computed tomography (CT) test. BBS test results showed that higher temperature and dry condition were conducive to the asphalt self-healing performance. Moisture was disadvantageous to the short-term and long-term healing of asphalt, but could improve the healing ratio during the mid-term of the healing process. The healing behavior and the stabilized healing strength of 4.5% (mass fraction) SBS-modified asphalt after multiple failure-healing cycles were lower than those of base asphalt, and the healing performance of SBS-modified asphalt was less sensitive to aging. CT scanning results showed that the healing process of asphalt mainly included three steps: gathering, rounding, and moving. CT images confirmed the favorable effect of higher temperature and dry condition on asphalt self-healing and the adverse effect on SBS modifier.