To solve the problems of repair and reinforcement of existing old rural houses, taking a single-layer masonry structure with two bays in Beijing as the prototype, according to the idea of inner frame reinforcement, a reinforcement method based on embedded light steel frame reinforcement and supplemented by steel plate reinforcement was proposed, and a 1/4-scale masonry structure shaking table model was designed for shaking table test. Test results show that the model structure had obvious damage under the action of small earthquake, and the transverse wall of the structure had obvious extraversion under the action of moderate earthquake and large earthquake. However, due to the reinforcement and restraint effect of steel frame and steel strip, the structure did not collapse, the degree of the external flashover was controlled within the safe range, and the strengthened structure achieved the goal of “no collapse in large earthquakes”. With the successive loading of seismic loads, the natural frequency of the structure decreased gradually. With the increase in seismic intensity, the acceleration amplification coefficient of the test model decreased on the whole. When the inner steel frame and steel strip were used for reinforcement, the acceleration amplification coefficient of the structure had a slight increase. The displacement of the structure increased with the increase in the earthquake magnitude, and the displacement of the front cornice was greater than that of the rear cornice, leading to the torsion effect. The inner steel frame remained undamaged after the earthquake, which avoids the overall collapse of the structure and ensures the safety of the structure.