To investigate the dynamic damage mechanical behaviors of bedded rock-like material based on 3D printing, dynamic compression tests on five groups of printed samples with different dip angles were carried out using a split-Hopkinson pressure bar. Then, according to the obtained stress-strain data and Zhu-Wang-Tang constitutive model, a viscoelastic constitutive model was constructed by connecting the linear spring body, the Weibull distribution damage body, and the Maxwell body in parallel, and the damage correction coefficient was introduced in combination with the residual strength properties of the samples. Finally, the model was extended to explore the deformation patterns of black shale to verify its applicability. Results showed that under impact loading, the peak stress of samples displayed a "V" shaped trend with the increase in dip angle, which was consistent with the variation pattern of natural layered rock. The damage constitutive model accurately characterized the shape of the stress-strain curve and the mechanical behaviors of the 3D printed bedded rock-like material. After considering the damage correction, it also better depicted the stress-strain change characteristics and residual strength of the samples at the post-peak stage. This study is useful for understanding the deformation pattern of bedded rock subjected to dynamic loading.