To explore the differences between the heat transfer processes of the envelope of the manned lunar research station caused by the special solar-thermal environment on the lunar surface and those of the buildings on the earth. a heat transfer model of lunar building envelope was established based on the finite difference method and the model of the solar radiation on the lunar surface. Various factors affecting the temperature on the inner surface, such as the surface parameters and the orientation of the envelope, were analyzed by simulation. The results showed that when the thermal protection layer, thermal insulation layer, and gas barrier layer were respectively made of 20 mm Nextel BF-0,0 mm Pyrogel 6650, and 20 mm Kapton,the surface temperature of inner horizontal roof fluctuated between 16.8 ℃ to 22.4 ℃. In addition, the thickness and thermal conductivity were found to be the most important factors affecting the heat transfer performance of the building envelope. To balance construction costs and thermal insulation performance, the thickness and thermal conductivity of the building envelope should be reduced as much as possible by using low-density, high-specific-heat materials. It was also concluded that the convective heat transfer coefficient of the inner surface and the emissivity of the outer surface directly affected the boundary heat transfer of the envelope. Therefore, materials with differential thermal inertia and emissivity of the outer surface can be customized based on the radiation characteristics of different orientations and thermal comfort requirements.