To explore the feasibility of using a support design of lighting environment in subway dispatching centers to alleviate the mental fatigue of dispatchers and thus achieve human-machine efficiency enhancement, the effects and mechanism of dynamic lighting on fatigued subway dispatchers were investigated. We built a visible spectrum artificial lighting experimental platform based on the laboratory environment and modulated two lighting parameters (conventional lighting: 4 000 K, 500 lx; dynamic lighting: 4 000-12 000 K, 500 lx). On this basis, an ergonomics experiment was carried out with a single-blind within-subject design. Based on subway scheduling task analysis, PVT, N-back, and MATB-Ⅱ tasks were designed to characterize continuous attention, working memory, and executive control functions respectively. Sixteen participants’ neurobehavioral responses including subjective assessment, behavioral performance, and EEG (electroencephalogram) indicators during different ambient light were collected, compared and analyzed. The results showed that, compared with conventional lighting, fatigued participants feel more alert and have a more posive mood. Furthermore, their continuous attention, working memory, and executive control were significantly improved under dynamic lighting. The results of EEG data revealed that the fatigue intervention mechanism of dynamic lighting may be due to the effective inhibition of α, θ, and α-θ activities in the frontal lobe. The current results have preliminarily discovered the effects of dynamic lighting on mental fatigue, thus providing the basis for the lighting design and fatigue management of urban rail transit.