In order to further explore the internal mechanisms and influencing factors of centrifugal dehydration technology in the treatment of construction waste mud mainly composed of cohesive soil. In this paper, the piecewise linearization method is used to fully consider the non-Darcian flow characteristics in cohesive soil and the nonlinear characteristics of soil deformation. A mud dehydration analysis model that can consider its non-Darcian flow characteristics under centrifugal action is established. The validity of the present model was proved by comparing it with the existing research results and laboratory model test results. On this basis, the influence of the model parameters on the dewatering process was investigated. The numerical results showed that the dewatering rate and the final displacement of the soil-water interface increased with the increase in motor speed. Increasing the initial thickness of mud will increase the final displacement of the soil-water interface but will reduce the initial soil-water interface movement speed. The influence of the compression index on the displacement of the soil-water interface is not obvious in the initial stage, but its increase will lead to an increase in the final displacement of the soil-water interface. The increase in non-Darcian flow parameters will lead to a decrease in soil-water interface displacement, but by increasing the motor speed, the adverse effect of non-Darcian flow on the dewatering effect can be effectively reduced. The research results can provide a reference for the further optimization and application of centrifugal dehydration technology in the treatment of construction waste mud.