Membrane technology, possessing advantages such as high-efficiency separation, simple operation, and high integration, is a key technology for promoting the quality improvement and efficiency enhancement of drinking water. However, membrane technology is still limited by the problems of insufficient intrinsic performance of membrane materials, difficulty in dynamic regulation of membrane units, and complex operation and maintenance of membrane systems, which constrain the effectiveness of its practical engineering applications. Through the high coupling of data and intelligent analysis, artificial intelligence can empower reverse design of materials, precise regulation of processes, and intelligent scheduling of systems. Promoting the deep integration of artificial intelligence and membrane technology is of great significance for achieving the leapfrog development of membrane technology. This paper reviewed the coupling characteristics and development pathways of artificial intelligence at the three levels of membrane material, membrane unit, and membrane system and emphatically discussed the application potential of artificial intelligence in high-performance membrane material design, process energy conservation and consumption reduction and water quality safety assurance, and whole-process system evaluation and multi-objective intelligent management and control. At present, the application of artificial intelligence in membrane filtration technology for water treatment still faces problems such as sparse key data, insufficient model prediction accuracy and generalization ability, and high integration and deployment complexity. It is urgent to construct cross-scenario standardized datasets, develop data-mechanism fusion reinforcement models, and establish modular and lightweight edge intelligence frameworks, so as to provide theoretical and technical references for the research and application of artificial intelligence-driven membrane filtration technology for water treatment.