Abstract:To optimize the initiation of continuous flow CANON process, the research compared startup course and nitrogen removal performance under distinct NLR in room temperature ((25±1) ℃) between two sets of AUSB reactors, one of which was middle-setting aeration (1#), and the other was bottom-setting aeration (2#). The results showed that 1#, 2# successfully started CANON process treating domestic wastewater with relatively low ammonium concentration (90 mg/L) in 55 d and 70 d respectively. In the progress of increasing nitrogen loading rate gradually, both of them gained the highest nitrogen removal rate, which was 0.280 kg/(m³·d) for 1#, and 0.256 kg/(m³·d) for 2# under the condition of HRT=6 h. In later operation, 1# maintained efficient nitrogen removal status whose eigenvalue (Δρ(TN)/Δρ(NO₃^--N)) remained around 7.83, however, eigenvalue of 2# decreased to 7.49 after 125 d operation owing to the activity of NOB strengthened. The middle-setting aerated AUSB accomplished a higher total nitrogen removal rate which was 74.98% through the combination with simultaneous nitritation-Anammox (SNA) and alternate nitritation-Anammox (ANA) double pathways, which was ascribed to the enhancement of AOB and AnAOB activity and the effective suppression on NOB. Middle-setting aerated AUSB could shorten starting period of continuous flow CANON process, and furthermore realize long-term stable autotrophic nitrogen removal.

Abstract:The effluent manganese (Mn) and ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) concentration were found excessive when the low-temperature (5-7.8 ℃) groundwater containing high NH₃-N, iron (Fe) and Mn contents (NH₃-N>3.0 mg/L, Total Fe>12 mg/L, Fe²⁺>8.0 mg/L, Mn²⁺>3.0 mg/L) was purified by "one-stage aeration combined with one-stage filtration" process. To improve the purification efficiency, the start-up of "two-stage aeration combined with two-stage filtration" purification process and the oxidation-removal active sites (ORAS) of Fe, Mn and NH₃-N were investigated. Two-stage bio-purification process successfully started after 133 days and the start-up period was mainly related to the Mn content. The results showed that the removal capacity of NH₃-N and Mn was 29.66 g/(m²·h) and 27.08 g/(m²·h) respectively, and the water yield was a double of one-stage bio-purification process. According to the ORAS, Fe was removed to trace levels in the 0-50 cm section of the primary filter column, and the NH₃-N was removed by 55.23% and 44.10% respectively in the 0-135 cm segment of the primary filter column and 0-50 cm segment of the secondary filter column. There were significant removal classification between Mn and NH₃-N during the oxidation-removal process. The activity of Mn-oxidizing bacteria (MnOB) was significantly inhibited by NH₃-N in concentration greater than 2.25 mg/L. The removal ratio and ORAS of Mn in both filter columns were affected by the concentration of NH₃-N in raw water as well as the filtration rate. After a successful start-up, the Mn was removed by 5.53% and 89.34% respectively in the primary and secondary filter columns.

Abstract:In the process of bio-filter backwash for biological iron and manganese removal from groundwater, a large quantity of sludge rich in iron and manganese oxides was produced, and was trying to be used as an arsenic removal adsorbent to avoid pollution caused by its direct emission. The sludge was characterized after pretreatment using XRD and TEM, and its adsorption properties and related mechanism were studied through the static adsorption experiments. The results show that the sludge of iron and manganese oxides is non-setting structure with small particle size and large specific surface area. The Langmuir isotherm equation is more in line with the adsorption characteristics of As(Ⅴ) (R²>0.99), and As (Ⅲ) adsorption behavior cannot be simulated by a single model. The maximum adsorption capacity for As (Ⅲ) and As(Ⅴ) is 36.53 mg/g and 40.37 mg/g respectively, and the adsorption capacity increases with the increase of the temperature. The adsorption of As (Ⅲ) and As(Ⅴ) conforms to the pseudo-second order kinetic model with R² more than 0.99, and As(Ⅴ) adsorption capacity decreases gradually with the increase of pH, while As (Ⅲ) adsorption capacity experiences a process of decrease and increase and then decrease. H₂PO₄^- and SiO₃^2-has significant inhibition on arsenic adsorption and other ions have little effect on the adsorption process.

Abstract:The present study was directed towards the feasibility and long-term operation efficiency of the purification of groundwater with low concentration of As(Ⅲ), using iron-based adsorbent which was in-situ formed in the filtration process by dosing ferrous sulfate, without pre-oxidation technique. Several experiments were conducted to analyze the optimal dosage ratio of the Fe and As, and the effect of filtration rate and the arsenic removal mechanism in the filtration process. The results showed that with the influent As (Ⅲ) concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/L respectively for the filter column R1 and R2, and the filtration rate of 5 m/h, the optimal ferrous sulfate dosage was 1.2 and 2 mg/L respectively, and the optimal dosage ratio of Fe and As was about 20:1. The filter column R3 was adopted for advanced research, with the influent As (Ⅲ) concentration of 50-70 μg/L and the total Fe concentration of about 2 mg/L. The As(Ⅲ) removal space in the filter column descended continuously with the increasing of filtration rate, and the removal process mainly occured in the upper 60 cm filter layer. Meanwhile, the Fe removal space basically remained unchanged: the removal concentration was both about 1 mg/L for the filter layer of 0-20 cm and 20-80 cm respectively. In the increase of the the filtration rate from 3 m/h to 10 m/h, the maximum filtration rate of the filter column was confirmed to be 10 m/h, and the backwashing period decreased slightly(remaining within 72 h). Intermediate products might be generated in the autocatalytic oxidation process of ferrous ion, which were of great benefit to the oxidation of As (Ⅲ). The r-FeOOH coated on the filter media surface and the Fe(OH)₃ formed in the filter media pore could provide sufficient sites for arsenic adsorption.

Abstract:To investigate the impact of different sludge inoculum on microbial community formation of the anode in microbial fuel cells, single-chamber bottle-shaped microbial fuel cell with air cathode and planar Indium tin oxide glass anode were utilized as the experimental reactors, inoculated by sludge from Chinese and American Sewage wastewater treatment plant separately. The results indicate that the overall operation efficiency of Chinese sludge inoculated reactor is better than that of American sludge inoculated one, which shows shorter start-up time, higher operation voltage, output power density, current density, and COD removal efficiency. There are significant differences in the communities composition of the two reactors, which may be related to the fact that the one sludge is not treated by chlorination/ dechlorination. The diversity of the communities in the sludge from Chinese plant is higher than that from American plant. The communities in the former were distributed mainly in five classes. While the communities in the latter were distributed mainly the 3 classes. Using Indium tin oxide glass as the anode in microbial fuel cells could harvest the whole biofilm to do the high-throughput sequencing, resulting more accurate data to do the following analysis.

Abstract:To study the impact of ammonia nitrogen concentration on the CANON process in different sludge systems, the nitrogen removal performance was researched by the sudden decrease of the influent ammonia concentration in the stable operation of the granule and combined floc-granule CANON process at the temperature of (30±1) ℃ and the pH of 7-8. Under the conditions of FA concentrations at 34, 20 and 10 mg/L, the short cut nitrification of the granule system was stable, and the ratio of nitrate increase/ammonia consumption was less than 0.11. When the FA concentration was 33 mg/L, the short cut nitrification operated stably in the combined floc-granule CANON system. When the concentration of FA was decreased to 16 mg/L, the ratio of nitrate increase/ammonia consumption was close to 0.11 and the NOB activity was recovered slightly. When the concentration of FA was decreased to 7 mg/L, the ratio of nitrate increase/ammonia consumption reached to 0.37 and the NOB activity was fully recovered. The results show that the granular sludge system has better resistance to shock loads compared to the combined floc-granule system, and the shorter settling time is the key to ensure the stable operation of granular sludge system. After the partial nitrification was destroyed, the activity of NOB was effectively inhibited by increasing ammonia concentration. The distribution rule of sludge size can be used to determine the stability of the reaction system, and the nitrogen removal performance of CANON process in this study. The quantitative PCR results show that, the abundance of ANAMMOX has obvious decreasing when the ammonia concentration decreased, and the abundance of NOB has obvious growth with the granules disaggregation.

Abstract:To study the efficient method for removal of the trace organic pollutants in water by peroxymonosulfate (PMS) based advanced oxidation processes, CuFe₂O₄nanoparticles were prepared by sol-gel method and used as heterogeneous catalyst in the CuFe₂O₄/PMS system for the degradation of norfloxacin(NFX). The CuFe₂O₄ nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Brunner-Emmet-Teller (BET). Several significant factors affecting the catalytic properties in the CuFe₂O₄/PMS system such as calcination temperature, CuFe₂O₄ dosage, PMS concentration and initial pH were investigated, and the reusability and stability of CuFe₂O₄nanoparticles were tested as well. Besides, the degradation mechanism of NFX in the CuFe₂O₄/PMS heterogeneous system was studied. The results showed that the best calcination temperature was 400 ℃, and in that temperature, better crystalline, larger surface area, higher catalytic activity could be obtained. The optimum of reaction conditions for the removal of NFX in CuFe₂O₄/PMS system was 0.1 g/L CuFe₂O₄, 0.5 mmol/L PMS and initial pH 9.5, under such conditions, NFX removal rate can reach 99% in 30 mins. CuFe₂O₄ could effectively activate PMS to generate·OH and SO₄^-·, and SO₄^-·was the main active species.

Abstract:To research the effect of pH on nutrients removal and nitrous oxide emissions from an anaerobic/oxygen-limited SBR performing simultaneous nitrification, denitrification and phosphorus removal (SNDPR), the SNDPR process was successfully developed in an anaerobic/oxygen-limited (DO concentration of 0.3-0.8 mg/L) lab-scale sequencing batch reactor fed with synthetic wastewater mainly containing acetate, ammonia and phosphorus by inoculating with nitritation sludge. The reactor removed (76.1±5)% and (98.4±1)% of the influent nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively. The effect of initial pH on the performance of SNDPR and nitrous oxide emissions was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed that phosphorus was well removed at pH 9.0 and 6.0, and the removal efficiencies were 87.7% and 84.0%, respectively. The ammonia oxidizing rate increased with the decrease of pH from 9.0 to 6.0, and the maximum ammonia oxidizing rate of 3.7 mg/(L · h · g) and nitrogen removal efficiency of 83.9% were gained at pH 6.0. The emission of nitrous oxide decreased with the increase of pH. Specifically, the nitrous oxide emission at pH 6.0 was 3.5 times of that at pH 9.0. This study revealed that the nitrogen and phosphorus could be better removed at pH 6.0, and meanwhile, it could induce more nitrous oxide emissions.

Abstract:This paper aimed to investigate the effects of the different existent forms of alginic acid (AA), a polysaccharide organic matter, on the silicate scalings of polyamide composite nanofiltration membranes. Different existent forms of AA in nanofiltration process coexist with saturated silicate in the feedwater, and hence generate organic fouling layers on the membrane surface. The trend of membrane flux decline during silicate scaling was studied by filtration experiments and the structures of the fouling layers on membrane surface were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The effect of electrostatic repulsion was investigated through zeta potential. Atomic force microscope combined with silica colloidal probe were used to analyze the characteristics of the adhesion forces during different scaling stages. The results showed that the degree of silicate scaling decreased in the order of virgin membrane > coexistence of AA and silicate (virgin membrane) > AA-fouled membrane. Compared with the silicate scaling of the virgin membrane, AA could weaken the silicate scaling when AA coexisted with silicate. However, when the AA fouling layer had formed on the membrane surface, the degree of silicate scaling was significantly reduced. The above results indicated that the effects on silicate scalings brought by different existent forms of AA vary greatly.

Abstract:The degradation kinetics of ammonia nitrogen and COD and the microbial communities in an intermittent-flow shortcut nitrification reactor were investigated to remove ammonia and organic matters from landfill leachate. The results show that when pH=6.5-8.5, the degradation of ammonia conforms to the Michaelis-Menten model while the COD degradation is suitable for Aiba kinetic model. With the increase of pH, the maximum degradation rate and saturation constants of ammonia and COD increase first and then decrease, reaching the maximum values when pH=7.5. The results indicate that the degradations of ammonia and COD are influenced by pH, and the optimum pH should be controlled between 7.5 and 8.0. In addition, the degradation rate and the maximum degradation rate of COD are 5.6-11.3 and 12.4-16.8 times higher than those of ammonia in the shortcut nitrification process, respectively. This may be because that the high concentration of organic matters in influent leads to the heterotrophic bacteria to grow faster than autotrophic bacteria in the biological system. Finally, the domain species of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in the reactor are Nitrosomonas europaea ATCC19178, Nitrosomonas stercoris and Nitrosospira sp.PM2, accounted for 66% together, indicating that the AOB was the predominant species for ammonia removal in this intermittent-flow shortcut nitrification reactor.

Abstract:Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is an important index for evaluating water quality, and a variable directly controlled in the wastewater treatment process. To improve the performance of wastewater treatment, it is necessary to find out an effective method for measuring BOD. This paper presents a new soft measurement which can provide guaranteed estimation of the effluent BOD. The principal component analysis is utilized to select the secondary variables for the soft sensor. In virtue of its simple topological structure and universal approximation ability, the radial basic function neural network (RBFNN) is utilized in the soft sensor modeling. Considering the bounded modeling error, linear-in-parameters set membership identification algorithm is used to obtain a description of the uncertain set of the output weights after the determination of centers of the RBFNN. The RBFNN model with uncertain output weights can predict the upper and lower bounds of the effluent BOD during the wastewater treatment. Besides, a bundle of soft sensors is constructed and the intersection of the results given by the soft sensors is used to lower the conservatism by using a single sensor. Experiment results show the satisfying performance of the proposed method.

Abstract:To investigate the biological fixation in the application of low cadmium contaminated soil and in-situ utilization of rice safe production, this study adopts the pot experiment to compare and analyze the impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on rice growth and seed cadmium content under low cadmium contamination conditions. The results showed that under the conditions of low cadmium contamination, rice and AMF formed a good symbiotic relationship, and the mycorrhizal dependency index of the host rice reached 120.43%. AMF infection can promote the expansion of the underground plant organs, and increase the adsorption capacity of roots. With AMF infection, the vegetative growth indicators, including rice plant height, root length, ratio of root to shoot, were higher than non-infected rice plants, especially the ratio of root to shoot increased up to 22.37%. Therefore, inoculum can significantly increase the rice nutrition biomass. Compared with the blank control group, the yield of rice seed increased by 12.61%. With the application of the mocrobial inoculim, the soil cadmium content threshold for ational food safety standards of rice seed increased from 0.20 mg/kg to 0.32 mg/kg, which guaranteed the in situ utilization of the low cadmium contaminated soil and the production safety of rice.

Abstract:A new atrazine-degrading strain named ZXY-1 was isolated in the present study. ZXY-1 was identified as Pseudomonas based on the physio-biochemical characteristics and 16s rRNA gene sequence analysis. The newly isolated strain had a strong ability to biodegrade atrazine of 100 mg/L completely within 11 h, with a degrading rate up to 9.09 mg/(L·h). The optimal conditions for atrazine degradation were captured: temperature 30 ℃, pH 8.0, velocity of shaker 150 r/min and inoculums 3%. Atrazine biodegradation, under the optimum conditions, fitted the first-order kinetic equation when the initial atrazine concentration ranged from 20 mg/L to 80 mg/L, and the zero-order kinetic equation when the initial atrazine concentration ranged from 100 mg/L to 250 mg/L. The kinetic analysis indicated that the strain ZXY-1 cell growth perfectly suited Haldane model with μ_max, K_s and K_i of 0.696 h^-1, 98.55 and 142.6 mg/L, respectively. Overall, this study provided an efficient bacterium and approach that might serve as a viable bioremediation solution to treat the atrazine wastewater.

Abstract:To make suggestions on the pipeline safety design and apply the transient-based technique into the fault detection in the viscoelastic pipeline, this paper studies the gas-liquid two-phase transient flow in the viscoelastic pipeline. Firstly, the fast and complete valve closure is used to produce the gas-liquid two-phase transient flow in the gravity flow pipeline made of plexiglas. Secondly, by using the air fraction to modify the transient wave speed, two one-dimensional gas-liquid two-phase transient flow models, which take into account the influence of unsteady friction and pipe-wall viscoelasticity, are established based on the discrete vapor cavity model (DVCM) and discrete gas cavity model (DGCM). Experimental and model results show that DVCM can accurately simulate the experimental wave speed in the low pressure system when the initial flow regime is bubbly flow, while the average wave speed obtained by DGCM is larger than the experimental wave speed. In the simulation of transient bubbly flow, the results of DVCM are in good agreement with the experimental values, while the maximum peak values in the results of DGCM are larger than the experimental values, which demonstrates DGCM is more suitable for the design of pipeline safety. During the gas-liquid two-phase transient process, the compressibility of air makes the effect of pipe-wall viscoelasticity on pressure damping greatly weakened, which leads to the unignored effect of unsteady friction, and the pressure damping in the whole transient process becomes slow due to the presence of air.

Abstract:To support rapid repair of pipe accidents and improve the reliability of water distribution networks (WDNs), an approach of finding all valve closing schemes for a network in one time and evaluating the importance of valves and pipes was studied. By using graph theory and Warshall Algorithm (WA), redundant valves which cannot block the flow of water and segments (i.e. the smallest isolation portion of water supply networks formed by closing a subset of valves) were identified to build valve-segment models. Using the models, unnecessary closing valves (downstream valves of isolated segments) and unintended segments which are parts of the network disconnected from water source(s) as the secondary effect of segment isolation were then analyzed. After excluding the unnecessary closing valves from the boundary valves of isolated segments, all valve closing schemes were formed which can meet a single or multiple pipe accidents. Also, the extension of valve closing schemes was analyzed when a valve malfunction occurs. Additionally, to improve the reliability of valves and assist scientific pipe patrol and valve maintenance, the importance of segments (pipes) and valves was evaluated by using the total demand shortfall coming from isolated segments and their unintended segments while key valves and segments were identified. The application in Tianjin water networks illustrates that segments provide a shortcut to build all valve closing schemes and analyze the importance of pipes and valves for WDNs.

Abstract:To explore the treatment method that enables the quality of ballast water to meet the discharge standard, the O₃/UV combined ballast water treatment system was established, in which O₃ and UV can be controlled independently. Escherichia coli and Dunaliellasalina are target microorganisms. To study the system performance in inactivating microorganisms, MPN and CFDA-AM fluorescence staining were used to count residual viable bacteria and residual viable algae respectively. N, N-Diethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPD) spectrophotometry was used to measure the attenuation of total residual oxide (TRO) generated in the system. The results show that O₃ and UV have a synergistic effect, and the combination of the two has better performance of inactivation than that of the individual treatment. Under the condition of 67 μW/cm² UV irradiance, 1.62 g/h of the O₃ dosage for 1s exposure, the Escherichia coli and Dunaliellasalinacan cannot be detected after 2 h, which means the effluent can meet IMO microbial inactivation standards. TRO concentration decayed with time, and the experiment did not detect the resurrection of bacteria and algae, which indicate a good continuous inactivation performance of the system. Compared with individual treatment, the combined system increases the treatment efficiency and reduces the energy consumption, which makes itself a promising method.

Abstract:Biomass solid wastes, such as lignin and collagen, are potentialized to be developed as coal tar pitch alternatives to prepare the carbon products. However, controlling the puffing behavior during the carbonization is a key factor to obtain the excellent carbon materials. In the present study, green composites using the pine softwood lignin and collagen as hybrid binder were prepared by the hot-pressing process. The effect of baking program and puffing inhibitors on the puffing behavior was evaluated. Elemental analysis and Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) were also employed for further study. Results showed that a lower heating rate (baking rate of 0.04 ℃/min to 500 ℃, then 0.07 ℃/min to 500-800 ℃) and a higher cooling rate (1.08 ℃/min) were preferred for puffing inhibition. Some traditional puffing inhibitors, such as coconut shell, lignite coal feed, boric acid, ferric oxide, and iron (Ⅲ) chloride, were not available to the bio-binder system. Along with the improvement of puffing inhibition, the apparent density of the baked product gradually decreased. In the case of a mixture system containing ferric oxide, the rising temperature promoted the enrichment of carbon element and the decrease of other elements such as N, S, and O, resulting in fluctuating change in Fe content. The lignin/collagen hybrid system served as thermally-fused binder to form a new integrated char with turbostratic structure by means of covering, filling and bridging, and iron precipitates derived from ferric oxide was observed on the surface of char during the graphitization.

Abstract:To improve white mud wet flue gas desulfurization technology, the influence of total dissolved solids (TDS) on desulfurization slurry oxidation was researched. The components of white mud slurry were measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry(ICP-MS)and the experimental study on the effects of the main components in the slurry on sulfite calcium oxidation was carried out. The slurry oxidation mechanism of TDS was expounded and the experimental products and gypsum sample were analyzed by SEM. Results have confirmed the inhibition of TDS to calcium sulfate oxidation in white mud desulfurization slurry. The clusters of crystals were generated in experimental products, leading to dehydration difficulties. The soluble salt in the white mud slurry of plaster desulfurization gypsum is 50-100 μm, with perfect crystallization effect. TDS inhibits the oxidation of the white mud desulfurization slurry, but will improve the supersaturation of the solution and hence enable the gypsum crystal. The catalysis of Mn²⁺ was on longer effective with high TDS. The excessive content of calcium sulfite in slurry causes difficultities to some extent for the dehydration of white mud desulfurization by-products. Besides the concern on Cl^-, TDS should also be controlled in white mud desulfurization to gurantee the normal operation of the white mud desulfurization system.

Abstract:To obtain high-specific-surface-area and uniform silica nanospheres of fibrous morphologies, the hydrothermal method with and without stirring was adopted to fabricate the nanoparticles, and the fabrication mechanism as well as the influencing factors on their development were explored. Taking fibrous silica nanospheres prepared by microwave method under the same condition as references, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were applied to observe morphologies of the silica nanospheres developed by hydrothermal and microwave methods, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) to identify chemical compositions of the three silica nanospheres, X-ray diffractometer (XRD) to reveal the crystal structures, as well as nitrogen (N₂) adsorption-desorption isotherms to characterize the type of adsorption-desorption and pore diameters, respectively. The results indicate that nanospheres synthesized by hydrothermal method possess bigger sizes and more uniform morphologies. Especially, the effectiveness of hydrothermal method with stirring was more obvious. These three kinds of the as-prepared silica nanospheres own same chemical structures and chemical functional groups, and belong to Ⅳ adsorption-desorption isotherms with H₃ loops. Specific surface area (and pore volumes) of the three nanospheres were 480.156 m² /g(1.287 cm³ /g), 464.757 m² /g(0.654 cm³ /g) and 429.351 m² /g(0.726 cm³ /g), respectively. The pressure of the reaction system and the degree of uniformity of the reaction mother liquor collectively endow the nanospheres with special properties like morphologies and structural differences. The former accelerates uniform micellar emulsion, and the latter prompts formation of reverse micelles.

Abstract:The frequent accidental water pollutions in China have brought serious environmental pollution and economic losses. These accidents were largely caused by the relevant personnel's serious lack of the recognition of damages and trends of sudden pollutions, inadequate emergency preparation and delayed emergency response. According to the law of pollutants diffusion in water and dynamic development tendency of ecological damages and pollution-control cost, the study established the decision-making model which chose the emergency response time as the decision variable. The objective function of the model was the total cost of emergency treatment. The study chose water standard and emergency supplies preparedness time as constraint conditions and quantitatively evaluated the effect of the time for procuring, loading, transporting, unloading and assembling emergency supplies on the object function by the scenario analysis method. The model revealed the influence degree of the emergency supplies preparedness time and field conditions on the total cost of emergency treatment. The emergency pollution-control cost will increase by about 1.63 million RMB when the emergency response was delayed by 1 hour in the hypothetical typical sudden water pollution. The research results not only showed serious consequences caused by the delayed emergency response but also provided decision-makers with quantitative information support in the aspects of selecting strategic points and technical programs of emergency treatment and establishing the emergency supplies depository.

Abstract:In order to evaluate hydrological and water quality situation of Taolinkou reservoir, BASINs/HSPF model of the upstream Qinglong River watershed is developed to conduct the hydrological and water quality simulation. The efficacy, efficiency and reliability of the orthogonal range analysis pattern for parameter optimization is assessed by Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient and different comparisons, and the following conclusions are obtained: the orthogonal range analysis pattern can decrease optimization efficiency and narrow parameter range for BASINs/HSPF, and can be used as a high-efficiency tool to obtain the high sensitive parameters and the satisfied parameter set. It is also useful for developing the relative parameter optimization algorithms; the measured runoff time series of the Taolinkou reservoir in 2012 and 2011 were used for calibration and verification, respectively. Based on the orthogonal range analysis, Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient is up to 0.79 for verification, lower than that of calibration (0.81) and PEST automatic calibration(0.84);six relatively sensitive parameters (IRC, INFILT, AGWRC, DEEPFR, AGWETP and LZSN) are identified based on range analysis for BASINs/HSPF of Qinglong river watershed; ranges of the satisfied BASINs/HSPF parameter set by orthogonal range analysis method are as follows: [2.0, 6.3](LZSN), [0.084, 0.167](INFILT), [0.90, 0.95](AGWRC), [0.209, 0.333](DEEPFR); [0.067, 0.199](BASETP), [0.067, 0.199](AGWETP), [0.14, 0.27](CEPSC), [1.35, 2.00](UZSN), [0.392, 0.483](IRC).

Abstract:To solve the problem of "rainstorm flooded the city"and sustainable development, this article systematically analyzed its formation mechanism and urban planning response by literature reviewing, deductive reasoning and hermeneutical reasoning. And the result points out that the "rainstorm flooded the city" is a comprehensive characterization and side reflection to the interaction way and degree between human and land, effect of institutional arrangements and supporting capacity of urban planning theory and method for regions in a specific historical period, it is also a system and multidimensional complex scientific problem, corresponding to urban planning it can be embodied by the vulnerability analysis of human-land interaction, the multi-scenario simulation assessment and forecast among the interactive multi-element, and the blend-method solves solution of multi-disciplinary integrated. Therefore, this article constructed the urban planning analysis framework and analyzed its formation mechanism on the basis of three dimension of time-scale-element to respond to "rainstorm flooded the city", and pointed out that spatiotemporal characteristics and categories, direct or indirect loss of benefit assessment, influencing factors and simulation of multiple scenarios and its urban planning response of "rainstorm flooded the city" are the main contents of their research, while the historical development of the time dimension, the climate response of the scale dimension of human-environment interaction and the ecological background constraint of the factor dimension, and the theoretical constraints of urban development planning and human control are the reasons for the "rainstorm flooded the city" in big cities of China. At last, the article puts forward responding regulation countermeasures from the perspectives of the theoretical innovation, urban planning innovation, technology innovation and institutional innovation.

Abstract:To solve the drawbacks of the traditional Trombe wall, such as a lag of air heating during the daytime and heat transfer from hot wall to outside at night, this paper presented a newly designed Trombe wall with the solar energy absorber inside the interlayer. The temperature variation and thermal performance of the Trombe wall were analyzed quantitatively by measuring the temperature and solar radiation intensity in the experimental room and control room with the outdoor environment. The experimental results were obtained by analyzing the data of three typical outdoor environment days in a row. The results indicated that the maximum temperature difference between the experimental room and the control room was 3.3 ℃. In the experimental room, the maximum and lowest temperatures were 24.1 ℃ and 12.9 ℃ respectively with the average temperature of 18.4 ℃, and the maximum temperature of the air supply was 31.6 ℃. The increase rate of air temperature in the experimental room reached 1.4 ℃/h under the average solar radiation intensity of 438.4 W/m². Within 52.8% of the total time, the temperature in the experimental room was above 18 ℃ according to the indoor temperature frequency distribution. The experimental results showed that the heat gain can be timely delivered to indoor during the daytime, and can maintain a certain level in the night. Therefore, human body will feel comfortable all day due to the control of the indoor temperature range and the indoor environment could be improved effectively when using this novel Trombe wall.

Abstract:To improve the natural gas heating supply capacity, distributed heat pump peak-shaving technology has great potential to be further studied and promoted. This technology is to use heat pump to adjust heat on the secondary network in substation, simultaneously, to reduce the return water temperature of primary network by using the principle of heat pump. Return water of primary network with low temperature creates favorable conditions to recover waste heat in heat source, and improve heating efficiency. This paper takes a set of two 9F gas-steam combined cycle back pressure heating unit as an example and evaluates its feasibility and application effect. It is compared with a general gas boiler peak-shaving system on the design and operation condition. For comparison, fuel consumption of these two heating systems are almost the same. Heating energy consumption of new system is reduced by 6%. Dynamic investment-increment payback period is 3.1 years, meaning that the new system has good economy. The research shows that the system can improve network transmission and distribution capacity, increase heating capacity and reduce heating energy consumption. And it also can ensure the safety of heating.

Abstract:This paper illustrated an optimization method of sensor layout in air duct system, aiming at detecting toxicant before any catastrophic consequence in a bio-terrorist attack. The method was based on genetic algorithm (GA) with minimal emissions as objective function of the optimization procedure. In this paper, we discussed the impact of the number of sensors, the distance between nodes and the accuracy of sensors on the optimizing objective function. Results of a case study showed that the minimal emission of contaminants decreased significantly as more sensors were set in the ventilation system. However, the decrement provided by every sensor was only about 2% when the number of sensors exceeded three. Thus, the optimized number of sensors in this case was supposed to be three, considering the high cost of each sensor. Moreover, the value of the objective function was reduced by 59.3% with sensor layout optimization applied with three sensors while the effects of the accuracy of sensors and the distance between nodes were not significant. In conclusion, adopting the sensor layout optimized with GA ensured the detection of contaminants with the minimal distribution into rooms, which enabled a security control center to learn the concentration and location of the contaminants and respond quickly.

Abstract:The scaling of sewage heat exchanger in sewage source heat pump system leads to increase of thermal resistance and decrease of heat transfer effect. In order to solve these problems, the acoustic cavitation technology was introduced into sewage heat exchanger. The dynamic experiment table of antiscale & descaling and heat transfer enhancement by acoustic cavitation sewage heat exchanger was established. Mathematical models of acoustic cavitation antiscale & descaling and heat transfer enhancement were analyzed. The fouling growth characteristics, and the law of antiscale & descaling and heat transfer enhancement effect of sewage heat exchanger tubes under different influence parameters were researched. The results are as follows. The amount of scale, scaling rate, fouling rate and fouling thickness of heat exchanger tubes are increased with the decrease of sewage flow velocity. The largest amount of scaling is 106 g, fouling thickness is 0.54 mm, and fouling rate is 12.6 kg/(m²· h). Descaling rate increased with the increase of flow velocity and acoustic cavitation action time, and the largest descaling rate is 85.7%. Sewage viscosity has a huge impact on the various indexes and has greater influence with the smaller velocity. Heat transfer coefficient and its enhanced percentage are increased with the increase of acoustic cavitation action time, temperature of sewage and fouling moisture rate, and in addition, the percentage of heat transfer coefficient runs up to 53.4%. So the antiscale & descaling and heat transfer enhancement of acoustic cavitation sewage heat exchanger have a certain feasibility and high efficiency, and great significance to energy conservation and emissions reduction.

Abstract:Our previous studies indicated that MgCl₂ stress could not only increase the yield of TGase, but also affect the expression of LuxR family protein, which is an important regulator of microbial metabolism. In order to study the effects of LuxR family protein on the biosynthesis of TGase, the luxR gene disruption plasmid was constructed with the vector of pKC1139. The plasmid was transferred into the protoplasts of Streptomyces mobaraensis by PEG mediated transformation. The recombinant plasmid was inserted into the genome of Streptomyces by a single exchange of homologous recombination. The cell growth and TGase activity of luxR gene disruption mutant of S. mobaraensis were compared with the wild stain. The results showed that the luxR gene disruption mutant was successfully constructed, and that the block of the luxR gene leads to a decrease of the biomass, a synthesis delaying and expression decrease of TGase. These results showed that luxR gene might be an important positive factor on TGase production.

Abstract:A storage strategy based on "three-level data storage, three-mode fault-tolerant structure" is proposed to improve the performance and the reliability of the data storage system for nano-pico satellites. Firstly, the storage device is selected based on the analysis of the onboard storage media and fault characteristics. After analyzing the error sources of the file system, a scheme combining the ECC error correction, the redundancy backup and the current protection is applied to improve the reliability of the system. The file space is pre-allocated and a ring data storage structure is established to reduce errors and decrease the operating complexity for the file system. Finally, taking the advantages of RAM, FRAM and SD card, a three-level data storage method is utilized to improve the storage speed and the fault tolerance. writing speed increases by about 4.7 times when the data size is 1 MB, and the SDC abnormality or abrupt power-off of the system can not affect the system; in addition, the fault switching time is less than or equal to 10 ms when the fault switching time is less than or equal to 1 frame. In orbit operation process, all the FS, files and the storage media work well. The ground test and the in-orbit operation show that the proposed data storage strategy is feasible, and the system reliability and the performance of data reading and writing can meet the mission requirements of satellite system.

Abstract:To investigate ruin characteristic and rules of survival space in the RC frame supported masonry structures after earthquake, seismic investigation was carried out and FEM analysis and shaking table tests were conducted. The three main collapse modes were summarized (the collapses of frame floor, transfer floor and overall structure) based on seismic investigation. The result shows that collapse of frame floor is the most common type. The connection mode and the loose mode are the two main ruin modes. The connection mode owns more survival space and is difficult for rescue, and more survival space is on the reverse direction of collapse. The top floor of frame structure has more survival spaces than the bottom floor. The loose mode owns little survival space and is easier for rescue than the connection mode. There is a certain degree of survival space on the less wall position near the beam-column, and under the beam, which lies in the reverse direction of collapse. The FEM collapse analysis of frame floor was conducted, which was based on ANSYS-LSDYNA, and the results were verified by comparing with the results of seismic investigation and shaking table tests. It shows that there is more survival space on the position of reverse direction of collapse with fewer walls. It contributes to locate the rescue position quickly after earthquake and provides important advises for evacuation.

Abstract:As active promotion of the construction of 3 million square kilometers ocean territory in China, the design of ultra-low-energy buildings in ocean areas has attracted more and more researchers' attention. To investigate the scientific accuracy of climate partition in ocean areas, the article firstly analyzed the climatic characteristics in ocean areas from two different angles—climate comparisons between sea and land, as well as among different sea regions, and then determined the climate partition of inland cities and island counties (or ocean island-reefs) according to current climate zoning standards. The results presented the wide differences between sea and land, which were reflected in the aspects of CDD26, daily temperature range and wind speed. The diversities for CDD26, annual temperature range and solar radiation vary in different sea regions. Additionally, building climate partition standard performed by our countries now is inapplicable for ocean areas. Therefore, it's necessary to establish building climate partition for ocean areas which is distinguished from the inland areas, and the south sea region is more complex than north or east sea regions. This study can prompt ocean areas to form scientific climate partition, and lay a theoretical foundation for the indoor thermal comfort research and the design of ultra-low-energy buildings in ocean areas.