| Author Name | Affiliation | | Firas F. Qader | Technical Engineering College-Kirkuk, Northern Technical University, Kirkuk 36001, Iraq | | Falah Z. Mohammed | Medical Device Technology Engineering, AL-Qalam University College, Kirkuk 36001, Iraq | | Barhm Mohamad | Department of Petroleum Technology, Koya Technical Institute, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil 44001, Iraq |
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| Abstract: |
| To research solar energy's efficiency and environmental benefits, the thermal efficiency, exergy, and entropy of solar collectors were calculated. The experiment involved two glass-topped collectors, fluid transfer tubes, and aluminum heat-absorbing plates. Glass wool insulation minimized heat loss. A 0.5% TiO2/Water nanofluid was created using a mechanical and ultrasonic stirrer. Results showed that solar radiation increased thermal efficiency until midday, reaching 48.48% for water and 51.23% for the nanofluid. With increasing mass flow rates from 0.0045 kg/s to 0.02 kg/s, thermal efficiency improved from 16.26% to 47.37% for water and from 20.65% to 48.76% for the nanofluid. Filtered water provided 380 W and 395 W of energy in March and April, while the nanofluid increased it to 395 W and 415 W during these months. Mass flow generated energy, and the Reynolds number raised entropy. The noon exergy efficiency for nanofluids was 50%-55%, compared to 30% for water. At noon, the broken exergy measured 877.53 W for the nanofluid and 880.12 W for water. In Kirkuk, Iraq, the 0.5% TiO2/Water nanofluid outperformed water in solar collectors. |
| Key words: energy exergy entropy generation nanofluid flat plate solar collector |
| DOI：10.11916/j.issn.1005-9113.2023050 |
| Clc Number:TK51 |
| Fund: |
